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Name*: Republik of India
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Title*: Republik of India
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This article is about Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).
"Bharat" redirects here. For other uses, see Bharat (disambiguation).
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Republic of India
भारत गणराज्य*
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
Horizontal tricolour flag (deep saffron, white, and green). In the center of the white is a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes. Three lions facing left, right,and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto "सत्यमेव जयते".
Flag National Emblem
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
सत्यमेव जयते (Devanāgarī)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem: Jana Gana Mana
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people[2]
National Song[4]
Vande Mataram
I bow to thee, Mother[3]
Image of globe centered on India, with India highlighted.
Capital New Delhi
28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E / 28.6133°N 77.2083°E / 28.6133; 77.2083
Largest city Mumbai
Official languages
Hindi, English[show]
Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Union[5] and English the "subsidiary official language".[6]
Constitutional languages
8th Schedule:[show]
Assamese
Bengali
Bodo
Dogri
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Manipuri
Marathi
Nepali
Oriya
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Santali
Sindhi
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu[7]
Demonym Indian
Government Federal republic,
parliamentary democracy[8]
- President Pratibha Patil
- Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
- Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan
Legislature Sansad
- Upper House Rajya Sabha
- Lower House Lok Sabha
Independence from United Kingdom
- Declared 15 August 1947
- Republic 26 January 1950
Area
- Total 3,287,240 km2 ‡(7th)
1,269,210 sq mi
- Water (%) 9.56
Population
- 2009 estimate 1,198,003,000[9] (2nd)
- 2001 census 1,028,610,328[10]
- Density 364.4/km2 (32nd)
943.9/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate
- Total $3.298 trillion[11] (4th)
- Per capita $2,780[11] (130th)
GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate
- Total $1.206 trillion[11] (12th)
- Per capita $1,017[11] (143rd)
Gini (2004) 36.8[12]
HDI (2007) 0.612[13] (medium) (134th)
Currency Indian rupee (₨) (INR)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+5:30)
Drives on the left
Internet TLD .in
Calling code 91
Non-numbered Footnotes:[show]
* Bharat Ganarajya, that is, the Republic of India in Hindi,[8] written in the Devanāgarī script. See also other official names
‡ This is the figure as per the United Nations though the Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 square kilometres.[14]

India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi).[15] It is bordered by Pakistan to the west;[16] People's Republic of China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.

Home to the Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[17] Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread non-violent resistance.[18]

India is a republic consisting of 28 states and seven union territories with a parliamentary system of democracy. It has the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms since 1991 have transformed it into one of the fastest growing economies;[19] however, it still suffers from high levels of poverty,[20] illiteracy, disease, and malnutrition. A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Government
Main article: Government of India
India National Symbols of India[39][40]
Flag Tricolour
Emblem Sarnath Lion Capital
Anthem Jana Gana Mana
Song Vande Mataram
Animal Royal Bengal Tiger
Bird Indian Peacock
Aquatic animal Dolphin
Flower Lotus
Tree Banyan
Fruit Mango
Sport Field hockey
Calendar Saka
River Ganges

The Constitution of India, the longest and the most exhaustive constitution of any independent nation in the world, came into force on 26 January, 1950.[41] The preamble of the constitution defines India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[42] India has a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. Its form of government was traditionally described as being 'quasi-federal' with a strong centre and weaker states,[43] but it has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic and social changes.[44]

The President of India is the head of state[45] elected indirectly by an electoral college[46] for a five-year term.[47][48] The Prime Minister is the head of government and exercises most executive powers.[45] Appointed by the President,[49] the Prime Minister is by convention supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament.[45] The executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly responsible to the lower house of the Parliament.[50]

The Legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People).[51] The Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six year terms.[52] Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population.[52] 543 of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote to represent individual constituencies for five year terms.[52] The other two members are nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community if the President is of the opinion that the community is not adequately represented.[52]
URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
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